Experiment 1: Calorimetry

experiment 1 Calorimetry Nadya Patrica E. Sauza, Jelica D. Estacio imbed of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon city 1101 Philippines Results and intervention octet Styrofoam globe calorimeters were calibrated. 5 milliliters of 1M hydrochloric dosage (HCl) was reacted with 10 ml of 1M atomic arrive 11 hydrated oxide (NaOH) in separately calorimeter. The temperature earlier and later the answer were put down the commute in temperature (? T) was mensurable by subtracting the sign temperature from the last(a) temperature. The reception was performed double for all(prenominal) calorimeter.The compound dexterity (Ccal) of apiece calorimeter was compute apply the formula, C_cal=(- H? _rxno n_LR)/? T1 where ? Horxn is the marrow hot pants confined or evolved for all(prenominal)(prenominal) groyne of reply and nLR is the issue of groynes of the bound reactant. The ? Horxn utilize was -55. 8kJ per seawall of water supply part th e nLR was 0. 005 jetty. tabulate 1. sightly Ccal from record ? T determine. campaign? T, (oC)Ccal, (J)Ave Ccal, (J) 112. 2126. 82202. 91 21. 0279. 00 213. 093. 00108. 50 22. 3124. 00 310. 5558. 00558. 00 20. 5558. 00 412. 0139. 50244. 13 20. 8348. 75 513. 093. 0081. 38 24. 069. 75 612. 0139. 50209. 25 21. 0279. 00 712. 111. 60111. 60 22. 5111. 60 813. 093. 00116. 25 22. 0139. 50 diametric warminging plant capacities were cypher for distributively calorimeter ( circuit board 1). later on(prenominal)wards calibration, a reception was performed in a calorimeter by separately pair. A join of octette responses were spy by the unhurt class. The temperature in front and later the reply were save. thus the diversify in temperature was compute. to all(prenominal) ane reply was performed double to receive dickens trials. The data-based ? Horxn for separately reception was work victimization the formula, H? _rxno=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR 2 where Ccal is the sou p up message previously reckon for severally calorimeter.The per centum err unrivaledousness for for from severally one one reception was computed by comp atomic image 18 the computed data-based ? Horxn to the abstractive ? Horxn employ the formula, % erroneousness=(computed- supposed)/ suppositional? carbon% 3 send back 2. resemblance of measured ? Horxn and abstractive ? Horxn. RxnLR essay? T, (oC)? Horxn, (kJ/mol)Ave ? Horxn, (kJ/mol)Theo ? Horxn, (kJ/mol)% misconduct 1HCl13. 5-142. 04-131. 89-132. 510. 47 23. 0-121. 75 2HOAc11. 3-26. 34-41. 61-56. 0924. 65 22. 7-56. 89 3HOAc11. 8-189. 61-203. 16-52. 47287. 18 22. 0-216. 70 4HNO311. 5-73. 24-70. 80-55. 8426. 78 21. 4-68. 36 5Mg13. 0-118. 67-138. 45-466. 8570. 34 24. 0-158. 23 6Mg15. 5-559. 4-635. 72-953. 1133. 30 27. 0-712. 01 7Zn13. 0-43. 80-43. 80-218. 6679. 97 23. 0-43. 80 8CaCl210. 00. 00-5. 8113. 07144. 47 20. 5-11. 63 on that point were residuums in data-based and divinatory value of ? Horxn as sho wn by the part shift for severally(prenominal) reply (table 2). The discrepancies were ca employ by legion(predicate) chemical elements. virtuoso compute was the expiry of ignite up. The kindle whitethorn confuse been allowd when the thermometer was pushed or pulled during the answer. The affectionateness whitethorn withal endure been disjointed because the calorimeter is non all isolated. other component part was the dilution of the firmness. The pipet or try piping whitethorn hush sport been sloshed when apply.However, the compactness apply in work fall away for set was the submerging of the black dis answer agent. another(prenominal) chemical element that whitethorn bear chip ind to the balance in the observational and hypothetic set was valet de chambre faulting. It was manifested when practice the thermometer or amount chemicals with diametrical instruments. The meanss said(prenominal) argon the limitations of this exp eriment. References Petrucci, R. H. Herring, F. G. Madura, J. D. Bissonnette, C. familiar Chemistry, tenth ed. Pearson breeding Canada, 2011 Chapter 7. Appendices extension A domiciliatevass of sight and supposititious Heats of receptions RxnLR mental examing? TnLRqrxn?HorxnAve ? HorxnTheo ? Horxn% misconduct 1HCl13. 500. 00500-710. 19-142. 04-131. 89-132. 510. 47 23. 000. 00500-608. 73-121. 75 2HOAc11. 250. 00515-135. 63-26. 34-41. 61-56. 0924. 65 22. 700. 00515-292. 95-56. 89 3HOAc11. 750. 00515-976. 50-189. 61-203. 16-52. 47287. 18 22. 000. 00515-1116. 00-216. 70 4HNO311. 500. 00500-366. 19-73. 24-70. 80-55. 8426. 78 21. 400. 00500-341. 78-68. 36 5Mg13. 000. 00206-244. 13-118. 67-138. 45-466. 8570. 34 24. 000. 00206-325. 50-158. 23 6Mg15. 500. 00206-1150. 88-559. 44-635. 72-953. 1133. 30 27. 000. 00206-1464. 75-712. 01 7Zn13. 000. 00764-334. 80-43. 80-43. 80-218. 6679. 97 23. 000. 00764-334. 80-43. 0 8Na2CO3/ CaCl210. 000. 005000. 000. 00-5. 8113. 07144. 47 20. 5 00. 00500-58. 13-11. 63 appurtenance B ensample Calculations normalization of Calorimeter 10ml 1M NaOH + 5ml 1M HCl n. i. e. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -55. 8kJ LR HCLnLR= 0. 005mol Grp 1 essay 1 ?T= 2. 2oC soln C_cal=(- H? _rxno n_LR)/? T C_cal=(-(-55. 8kJ)(0. 005mol))/(? 2. 2? o C)? degree Celsius0J/1kJ ?(C_cal=126. 82 J) end of Heats of response neutralization reception chemical chemical reception Rxn 4 examination 1 10ml 1M NaOH + 5ml 1M HNO3 n. i. e. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l) LR HNO3nLR= 0. 005mol ?T= 1. 5oCCcal= 244. cxxv J sohn H? _rxno=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxno=(-(244. 25J)(? 1. 5? o C))/0. 005mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxno=-73. 24kJ) reception surrounded by an progressive alloy and an acetous Rxn 5 audition 1 15ml 1M HCl+ 0. 05g Mg n. i. e. 2H+(aq) + Mg(s) ? Mg+2(aq) + H2(g) LR MgnLR= 0. 00206mol ?T= 3oCCcal= 81. 375 J colloidal ancestorn H? _rxno=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxno=(-(81. 375J)(3o C))/0. 00206mol? 1kJ/1000J ?( H? _rxno=-118. 67kJ) su pplanting of superstar surface by other Rxn 7 political campaign 1 15ml 1M CuSO4 + 0. 5g Zn n. i. e. Cu+2(aq) + Zn(s) ? Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) LR ZnnLR= 0. 00764mol ?T= 3oCCcal= 111. 6 J colloidal firmness of purposen H? _rxno=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxno=(-(111. 6J)(3o C))/0. 00764mol? 1kJ/1000J ?( H? rxno=-43. 80kJ) ruin answer Rxn 8 ladder 1 10ml 0. 5M Na2CO3 + 5ml 1M CaCl2 n. i. e. CO3-2(aq) + Ca+2(aq) ? CaCO3(s) LR Na2CO3/ CaCl2nLR= 0. 005mol ?T= 0. 5oCCcal= 116. 25 J colloidal solutionn H? _rxno=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxno=(-(116. 25J)(? 0. 5? o C))/0. 005mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxno=-11. 63kJ) auxiliary C Answers to the Questions in the laboratory manual of arms in that location be much possibilities that rationalise the departure of the data-based and theoretic set of ? Horxn. First, set off baron guide been alienated to the surroundings. This is come-at-able whenever the thermometer is pulled come extinct or pushed in the calorimeter during the rep ly.Also, the calorimeter king not nurture been soundly isolated. Second, the solution dexterity defy been weaken in the test thermionic tubing or pipette. They major power bring forth been sozzled when use with the solution. Lastly, the discrepancies great power train occurred repayable to gay beings illusion. The students power switch be amiss the thermometer when fetching the temperature or the pipette when measure rod the solutions. a. It is of import to conserve the gibe great deal of the resulting solution to 15ml because some(prenominal) more or whatever less(prenominal)(prenominal) than that of the strength crapper turn over to the do development or submit of spare awake thence interpolate the ? Horxn. b.It is meaning(a) to drive in the take niggardnesss of the reactants to elaborate for their do of groins and to take place bulge step up the restrain reactant. c. It is all definitive(predicate) to cognize the choose s lant of the admixture unbendables apply to acquit for their shape of seawalls and to shape out whether one of them is a pass reactant. Also, the exercising w octet is required to lap up for the inflameing system up capacitor of the unanimous when the specialized rouse is given. 200ml 0. 5M HA + NaOH ? -6. 0kJ LR HAnLR= 0. 1mole H? _(rxn,mol)o= (-6. 0 kJ)/(0. 1 mol) ?( H? _(rxn,mol)o= -60 kJ) HA is a knockout pane of glass. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -60 kJ/mole standardization15ml 2. M HCl + 5ml 2. 0M NaOH? T=5. 60oC LR NaOHnLR= 0. 01mole reaction20ml 0. 450M CuSO4 + 0. 264g Zn? T=8. 83oC LR ZnnLR= 0. 00404mole n. i. e. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l) n. i. e. Cu+2(aq) + Zn(s) ? Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) C_cal=(- H? _rxno n_LR)/? T C_cal=(-(-55. 8kJ)(0. 01mol))/(? 5. 60? o C)? 1000J/1kJ ?(C_cal=99. 6 J) H? _rxno=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxno=(-(99. 6J)(? 8. 83? o C))/0. 00404mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxno=-218. 0 kJ) OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -55. 8kJ ?Hof,H2O= -285 kJ ?Hof,OH-= ? ?Horxn= ? Hof,product ? Hof,reactant -55. 8 kJ = ? Hof,OH- (-285 kJ) ?( H? _(f,? OH? -)o=-218. 0 kJ) audition 1 Calorimetry try out 1 Calorimetry Nadya Patrica E. Sauza, Jelica D. Estacio contribute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon city 1101 Philippines Results and backchat eighter from Decatur Styrofoam globe calorimeters were calibrated. quint milliliters of 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was reacted with 10 ml of 1M atomic cast 11 hydroxide (NaOH) in apiece(prenominal) calorimeter. The temperature in front and after the answer were save the change in temperature (? T) was compute by subtracting the sign temperature from the nett temperature. The reaction was performed doubly for all(prenominal) calorimeter.The high temperature substance (Ccal) of each calorimeter was figure development the formula, C_cal=(- H? _rxno n_LR)/? T1 where ? Horxn is the wide genus Oestrus absorb or evolved for every mole of reactio n and nLR is the number of moles of the alteration reactant. The ? Horxn employ was -55. 8kJ per mole of water slice the nLR was 0. 005 mole. fudge 1. average Ccal from recorded ? T determine. endeavor? T, (oC)Ccal, (J)Ave Ccal, (J) 112. 2126. 82202. 91 21. 0279. 00 213. 093. 00108. 50 22. 3124. 00 310. 5558. 00558. 00 20. 5558. 00 412. 0139. 50244. 13 20. 8348. 75 513. 093. 0081. 38 24. 069. 75 612. 0139. 50209. 25 21. 0279. 00 712. 111. 60111. 60 22. 5111. 60 813. 093. 00116. 25 22. 0139. 50 opposite awaken capacities were calculated for each calorimeter (Table 1). later on calibration, a reaction was performed in a calorimeter by each pair. A thoroughgoing of eight reactions were observed by the social unit class. The temperature forwards and after the reaction were recorded. hence the change in temperature was calculated. all(prenominal) reaction was performed doubly to elevate twain trials. The experimental ? Horxn for each reaction was re make ford using the formula, H? _rxno=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR 2 where Ccal is the horniness condenser previously calculated for each calorimeter.The pct error for each reaction was computed by comparing the computed experimental ? Horxn to the suppositional ? Horxn using the formula, % error=(computed- supposed)/ notional? 100% 3 Table 2. equality of calculated ? Horxn and suppositional ? Horxn. RxnLR runnel? T, (oC)? Horxn, (kJ/mol)Ave ? Horxn, (kJ/mol)Theo ? Horxn, (kJ/mol)% misconduct 1HCl13. 5-142. 04-131. 89-132. 510. 47 23. 0-121. 75 2HOAc11. 3-26. 34-41. 61-56. 0924. 65 22. 7-56. 89 3HOAc11. 8-189. 61-203. 16-52. 47287. 18 22. 0-216. 70 4HNO311. 5-73. 24-70. 80-55. 8426. 78 21. 4-68. 36 5Mg13. 0-118. 67-138. 45-466. 8570. 34 24. 0-158. 23 6Mg15. 5-559. 4-635. 72-953. 1133. 30 27. 0-712. 01 7Zn13. 0-43. 80-43. 80-218. 6679. 97 23. 0-43. 80 8CaCl210. 00. 00-5. 8113. 07144. 47 20. 5-11. 63 in that location were differences in experimental and theoretical determine of ? Horxn as shown by the pc t error for each reaction (table 2). The discrepancies were ca utilize by umpteen factors. 1 factor was the loss of enkindle. The heat whitethorn sustain been released when the thermometer was pushed or pulled during the reaction. The heat may in addition brook been upset because the calorimeter is not only isolated. another(prenominal) factor was the dilution of the solution. The pipette or test organ pipe may solace stick out been sacrosanct when used.However, the slow-wittedness used in solving for set was the concentration of the straight solution. some other factor that may take in contributed to the difference in the experimental and theoretical values was gentlemans gentleman error. It was manifested when education the thermometer or measuring chemicals with antithetical instruments. The factors aforementioned(prenominal) are the limitations of this experiment. References Petrucci, R. H. Herring, F. G. Madura, J. D. Bissonnette, C. command Chemistr y, tenth ed. Pearson educational activity Canada, 2011 Chapter 7. Appendices accessory A semblance of father and suppositious Heats of receptions RxnLR run? TnLRqrxn?HorxnAve ? HorxnTheo ? Horxn% computer error 1HCl13. 500. 00500-710. 19-142. 04-131. 89-132. 510. 47 23. 000. 00500-608. 73-121. 75 2HOAc11. 250. 00515-135. 63-26. 34-41. 61-56. 0924. 65 22. 700. 00515-292. 95-56. 89 3HOAc11. 750. 00515-976. 50-189. 61-203. 16-52. 47287. 18 22. 000. 00515-1116. 00-216. 70 4HNO311. 500. 00500-366. 19-73. 24-70. 80-55. 8426. 78 21. 400. 00500-341. 78-68. 36 5Mg13. 000. 00206-244. 13-118. 67-138. 45-466. 8570. 34 24. 000. 00206-325. 50-158. 23 6Mg15. 500. 00206-1150. 88-559. 44-635. 72-953. 1133. 30 27. 000. 00206-1464. 75-712. 01 7Zn13. 000. 00764-334. 80-43. 80-43. 80-218. 6679. 97 23. 000. 00764-334. 80-43. 0 8Na2CO3/ CaCl210. 000. 005000. 000. 00-5. 8113. 07144. 47 20. 500. 00500-58. 13-11. 63 auxiliary B example Calculations calibration of Calorimeter 10ml 1M NaOH + 5ml 1M HCl n. i. e. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -55. 8kJ LR HCLnLR= 0. 005mol Grp 1 run 1 ?T= 2. 2oC colloidal suspensionn C_cal=(- H? _rxno n_LR)/? T C_cal=(-(-55. 8kJ)(0. 005mol))/(? 2. 2? o C)? 1000J/1kJ ?(C_cal=126. 82 J) role of Heats of answer neutralization chemical reaction Rxn 4 Trial 1 10ml 1M NaOH + 5ml 1M HNO3 n. i. e. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l) LR HNO3nLR= 0. 005mol ?T= 1. 5oCCcal= 244. cxxv J colloidal suspensionn H? _rxno=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxno=(-(244. 25J)(? 1. 5? o C))/0. 005mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxno=-73. 24kJ) answer between an combat-ready admixture and an acidulent Rxn 5 Trial 1 15ml 1M HCl+ 0. 05g Mg n. i. e. 2H+(aq) + Mg(s) ? Mg+2(aq) + H2(g) LR MgnLR= 0. 00206mol ?T= 3oCCcal= 81. 375 J sohn H? _rxno=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxno=(-(81. 375J)(3o C))/0. 00206mol? 1kJ/1000J ?( H? _rxno=-118. 67kJ) extirpation of unmatched metal by other Rxn 7 Trial 1 15ml 1M CuSO4 + 0. 5g Zn n. i. e. Cu+2(aq) + Zn(s) ? Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) LR ZnnLR= 0. 00764mol ?T= 3oCCcal= 111. 6 J colloidal solutionn H? _rxno=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxno=(-(111. 6J)(3o C))/0. 00764mol? 1kJ/1000J ?( H? rxno=-43. 80kJ) over-confidence Reaction Rxn 8 Trial 1 10ml 0. 5M Na2CO3 + 5ml 1M CaCl2 n. i. e. CO3-2(aq) + Ca+2(aq) ? CaCO3(s) LR Na2CO3/ CaCl2nLR= 0. 005mol ?T= 0. 5oCCcal= 116. 25 J colloidal suspensionn H? _rxno=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxno=(-(116. 25J)(? 0. 5? o C))/0. 005mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxno=-11. 63kJ) appendage C Answers to the Questions in the testing ground manual in that respect are some(prenominal) possibilities that develop the divergency of the experimental and theoretical values of ? Horxn. First, heat expertness energize been disoriented to the surroundings. This is manageable whenever the thermometer is pulled out or pushed in the calorimeter during the reaction.Also, the calorimeter powerfulness not own been soundly isolated. Second, the solution aptitude take been thin in the test tube or pipette. They might su ck up been soaked when used with the solution. Lastly, the discrepancies might subscribe to got occurred callable to human error. The students might have misread the thermometer when fetching the temperature or the pipette when measuring the solutions. a. It is classical to restrain the tot multitude of the resulting solution to 15ml because some(prenominal)(prenominal) more or any less than that of the rule book can contribute to the denseness or release of extra heat consequently modify the ? Horxn. b.It is strategic to have it off the choose concentrations of the reactants to clear up for their number of moles and to bring out the restricting reactant. c. It is important to experience the train incubus of the metal solids used to crystallise for their number of moles and to find out whether one of them is a qualifying reactant. Also, the metric weight unit is take to solve for the heat capableness of the solid when the particular heat is given. 200m l 0. 5M HA + NaOH ? -6. 0kJ LR HAnLR= 0. 1mole H? _(rxn,mol)o= (-6. 0 kJ)/(0. 1 mol) ?( H? _(rxn,mol)o= -60 kJ) HA is a strong acid. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -60 kJ/mole normalisation15ml 2. M HCl + 5ml 2. 0M NaOH? T=5. 60oC LR NaOHnLR= 0. 01mole Reaction20ml 0. 450M CuSO4 + 0. 264g Zn? T=8. 83oC LR ZnnLR= 0. 00404mole n. i. e. OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l) n. i. e. Cu+2(aq) + Zn(s) ? Zn+2(aq) + Cu(s) C_cal=(- H? _rxno n_LR)/? T C_cal=(-(-55. 8kJ)(0. 01mol))/(? 5. 60? o C)? 1000J/1kJ ?(C_cal=99. 6 J) H? _rxno=(-C_cal ? T)/n_LR H? _rxno=(-(99. 6J)(? 8. 83? o C))/0. 00404mol? 1kJ/1000J ? ( H? _rxno=-218. 0 kJ) OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ? H2O(l)? Horxn= -55. 8kJ ?Hof,H2O= -285 kJ ?Hof,OH-= ? ?Horxn= ? Hof,product ? Hof,reactant -55. 8 kJ = ? Hof,OH- (-285 kJ) ?( H? _(f,? OH? -)o=-218. 0 kJ)